Metropolitan Museum of Art Nishapur Ewer With Birds and Animals

City in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran

Nishapur نیشابور Nishabur or Neyshabur
Metropolis
Neyshabur
From top to bottom and from left to right: Mausoleum of Omar Khayyám, Shah Abbasi Caravansarai, Mausoleum of Attar of Nishapur, An archeological discovery of Nishapur, Imamzadeh Mohammad Mahrouq and Khayyam'south garden, Dome of Khayyam Planetarium, Amin Eslami Mansion, Kamal Al-Molk Tomb and the Wooden Mosque of Nishapur.
Seal
Nickname(due south): Sassanid and Umayyed era: Abarshahr (Upper Cities), Piddling Damascus (by Ibn Battuta),[1] The Urban center of Turquoise, The City of Gardens
Nishapur Evidence map of Islamic republic of iran Nishapur Show map of West and Key Asia
Coordinates: 36°12′48″Due north 58°47′45″E  /  36.21333°North 58.79583°E  / 36.21333; 58.79583 Coordinates: 36°12′48″N 58°47′45″E  /  36.21333°N 58.79583°E  / 36.21333; 58.79583
Country	Iran
Province	Razavi Khorasan Province
County	Nishapur County
City	Key
Foundation	3rd century
Municipality of Nishapur	1931
Founded by	Shapur I
Government
• Mayor	Hassan Mirfani
• Governor of County	AliReza Ghamati
Elevation	ane,250 m (iv,100 ft)
Population (2016 Demography)
• Urban	264,375 [2]
Demonym(s)	Nishapuri, Nishaburi or Neyshaburi
Time zone	UTC+03:30 (IRST)
Area lawmaking(s)	051
Website	neyshabur.ir
Fellow member of the LHC, Fellow member of the ICCN

Nishapur or officially Romanized as Neyshabur ^[iii] (Farsi: نیشابور ; too Romanized every bit Nišâpur, Nişapur or Nīshābūr; from Eye Persian New-Shabuhr, meaning "New Urban center of Shapur", "Fair Shapur",^[4] or "Perfect built of Shapur")^[5] is the second largest city^[six] of Razavi Khorasan Province, the historic capital of the western one-half of Greater Khorasan, the historic capital of the 9th century Tahirid dynasty, the initial uppercase of the 11th century Seljuk Empire, the upper-case letter metropolis of Nishapur Canton and a historic Silk Route city^[7] in Northeastern Iran.

Nishapur is situated in a fertile plain at the foot of Binalud Mountain Range. As of 2016, its central city population was estimated to exist 264,180 and its canton's population was estimated to be 448,125 making it the third most-populous city in the eastern provinces of Iran. Nearby are turquoise mines that have supplied the world with turquoise of the highest quality^[8] for at to the lowest degree two millennia. The modern city of Nishapur comprises three administrative districts.

The city was founded in the 3rd century by Shapur I equally a capital city of Sasanian satrapy known as Abarshahr or Nishapur.^[9] Nishapur later became the capital of Tahirid dynasty and was reformed past Abdullah Tahir in 830, and was later selected equally the capital of Seljuk dynasty by Tughril in 1037. From the Abbasid era to the Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia and Eastern Islamic republic of iran, the city evolved into a meaning cultural, commercial, and intellectual center within the Islamic world. Nishapur, along with Merv, Herat and Balkh, were ane of the four cracking cities of Greater Khorasan and i of the greatest cities of the Former World in the Middle Ages, a seat of governmental power in the eastern section of caliphates, a habitation place for various ethnic and religious groups and a trading stop on commercial routes from Transoxiana, Prc, Iraq and Arab republic of egypt.

Nishapur reached the pinnacle of its prosperity under the Samanids in the 10th century simply was destroyed and its entire population was slaughtered by the Mongols in 1221. This massacre, combined with subsequent earthquakes and other invasions, is believed to take destroyed the urban center several times. Dissimilar its near neighbor Merv, Nishapur managed to recover from these cataclysmic events, and survive until the present twenty-four hour period as an active modern city and county in tourism, agronomics, health care, industrial product and commerce in Razavi Khorasan Province of Iran; nevertheless, many of its older and historical archeological remains are left to exist uncovered.

Many of this urban center's archeological discoveries are held and shown to the public in the Metropolitan Museum of Fine art in New York City, the British Museum in London, and other international museums.^{[10] [11] [12]}The urban center of Nishapur is also a member of LHC and ICCN UNESCO.^[13]

History [edit]

Nishapur was founded by the Sasanian emperor Shapur I during the final years of his rule, as demonstrated by new archaeological findings.^[xiv] In the ninth century, Nishapur became the capital of the Tahirid dynasty, and by the 10th century, was under Samanid rule. The metropolis became an important and prosperous authoritative middle under the Samanids. In 1037, information technology was conquered by the Seljuks. Despite beingness sacked by the Oghuz Turks in 1153 and suffering several earthquakes, Nishapur continued as an important urban heart until information technology was destroyed over again past Genghis Khan and the Mongols in 1221.^[fifteen]

Archaeological discoveries [edit]

Sasanian seal with inscription in Pahlavi "Perozhormizd, son of the Kanarang", "Kanarang" being the Sasanian military commander of Abarshahr (Nishapur). The cap is decorated with a border of pearls. The title is attested from the 5th century CE. British Museum 134847.^[sixteen]

Little archaeology has been done on this vast and complicated site. George Curzon remarked that Nishapur had been destroyed and rebuilt more times than any other city in history,^[17] an evocative statement whether or not it is statistically true. The Metropolitan Museum of Art undertook excavations from 1935 that were interrupted in 1940. Searching largely for museum-worthy trophies that they shared with the regime of the Shah, the Metropolitan'due south publications were limited to its own Nishapur ceramics. The site of Nishapur has been ransacked for half a century since Globe State of war II, to feed the international market demand for early Islamic works of art.

Shadiyakh ("Palace of Happiness") was one of the main palaces of old Nishapur up to the 9th century Advertizing, which became more than important and populated later on that. Some notable people similar Attar lived in that location. Attar'due south tomb is present in that expanse. This palace was mayhap completely ruined in the 13th century.

Middle Ages [edit]

Nishapur occupies an important strategic position astride the old Silk Road that linked Anatolia and the Mediterranean Sea with Communist china. On the Silk Road, Nishapur has often divers the flexible frontier between the Iranian plateau and Central Asia. The town derived its proper name from its reputed founder, the Sassanian king Shapur I, who is said to accept established it in the third century CE. Nearby are the turquoise mines that supplied the world with turquoise for at least two millennia.

It became an important town in the Greater Khorasan region but later declined in significance until a revival in its fortunes in the 9th century under the Tahirid dynasty, when the glazed ceramics of Nishapur formed an important item of merchandise to the west. For a time Nishapur rivaled Baghdad or Cairo: Toghrül, the first ruler of the Seljuk dynasty, fabricated Nishapur his residence in 1037 and proclaimed himself sultan in that location, only it declined thereafter, as Seljuk fortunes were concentrated in the west. In the yr 1000 CE, it was among the x largest cities on earth.^[18]

Mongol siege of Nishapur [edit]

In 1221, after the expiry of Tokuchar, the husband of Genghis Khan'southward daughter,^{[ which? ]} the entire city of Nishapur was destroyed by the Mongols over the course of ten days. Genghis Khan's girl requested the death of every resident of the city every bit vengeance for her husband'due south expiry. Khan'south troops killed and beheaded the entire population of the city and their skulls were reputedly piled in pyramids by the Mongols.^[19] After the massacre a much smaller settlement was established just north of the ancient town, and the one time humming metropolis lay underground—until a team of excavators from the Metropolitan Museum of Art arrived in the mid-20th century. They worked at Nishapur betwixt 1935 and 1940, returning for a terminal season in the wintertime of 1947–48.^[10] What remains of old Nishapur is a 3500-hectare "Kohandejh (Persian: کهن دژ)" area, south of the electric current city of Nishapur.

Ilkhanate and Timurid reign [edit]

Subsequently the fall of Nishapur in 1221 by the Mongols, the structures of the city were weakened and the agronomical output of the city was reduced. Mahmud Ghazan and Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan tried to make the metropolis flourish again and the urban center's population grew in one case more than and some of the villages effectually the city were improved and rebuilt. Hamdallah Mustawfi had visited the urban center of Nishapur in the Twelvemonth 1339 or 1340. During this era, the ambassador of Henry Three of Castile, Ruy González de Clavijo reached Nishapur and according to him,^[20] Nishapur had become a highly productive agricultural center with twoscore non-stop working mills along the ''Abe Bostan'' (Mir Ab River of Nishapur). The current position of the urban center was formed during this era and on the N Due west of the older position of the urban center which is now home to the Mausoleum of Attar of Nishapur and Shadiyakh Archeological Site and other remains of the old position of the city (the old position of the urban center is also now a protected archeological site past law though it is endangered). Mausoleum of Attar of Nishapur and the Jame mosque of Nishapur (congregational mosque of the urban center) are amid the examples of the buildings built during this era in Nishapur. Many poets, scholars and renowned historical figures of the city and the wider region of Abarshahr ( ane of the main four regions of Greater Khorasan with the city capitals of Nishapur, Merv, Herat and Balkh) were also born in this period.

Early modernistic era [edit]

Safavid Era (16th to early 18th century) [edit]

Due to a conflict between the supporters of the Mohammad Khodabanda ,the Safavid Shah of Persia, and his son Abbas the Great In 1581 the castle of Nishapur went under siege. This siege became one of the events that helped the Abbas the Great to become the Ruler of Greater Khorasan and later the Shah of Persia in the Safavid Empire. In 1592 Abbas the Bang-up took dorsum the command of Nishapur from the Shaybanids. Shah Abbasi Caravanseri of Nishapur was besides congenital during his reign and subsequently on, he left his two epigraphs on Jame Mosque of Nishapur on the Ramadan of October 1612 .

Saadat Ali Khan I Nishapuri, Nawab of Awadh (the ruler who governed the land of Awadh of India), was also born in this period in an influential family unit in Nishapur.

Afsharid and Qajar Era (18th & 19th century) [edit]

After the death of Nader Shah Afshar in 1747, the surface area became an independent khanate nether the reign of the Bayat chieftains. In 1751 Ahmad Shah Durrani captured Nishapur with the support of heavy arms and imposed Shahrokh Shah as the ruler (Shah) of the western part of Greater Khorasan.

The city was conquered in 1800 by the Qajars. In 1828, the city came nether the influence of the Zafaranlu Confederacy but was given back to the Qajars in 1829.^[21] During the Revolt of Hasan Khan Salar, the urban center was an isolated outpost of Qajar rule led by Imamverdi Khan Bayat when well-nigh of Khorasan was under the wrath of Hasan Khan Salar. On March 21, 1849, Qajar forces entered Nishapur.^[21]

Modernistic history [edit]

Pahlavi dynasty [edit]

The reconstruction of the Mausoleum of Omar Khayyam in Nishapur was deputed past Reza Shah. Omar'southward previous tomb was separated from his tomb, and a white marble monument (Electric current Mausoleum), designed by the Iranian builder Hooshang Seyhoun, was erected over it. This mausoleum became one of the main symbols of the city and 1 of the known works of the modern Persian compages. The influence of the architectural pattern of this mausoleum is visible on the coat of artillery of the Academy of Neyshabur, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences (NUMS) and other public, civil and individual organizations of the city. The construction of the new mausoleum was completed in the year 1963. The Tomb of Kamal-ol Molk was likewise built in Nishapur and designed past Seyhoun. The Wooden Mosque of Neyshabur was likewise built in the twelvemonth 2000.

The Second Asia-Pacific Jamboree was held at Baghrud Scots Park of Nishapur in preparation for The 15th World Scout Jamboree which was scheduled to be held fifteen–23 July 1979 in Nishapur but due to the political uncertainty of the Iranian Revolution in the country, the event was cancelled.

Mail service Iranian revolution [edit]

On February 18, 2004, in the Nishapur railroad train disaster, a train conveying flammable appurtenances derailed and caught burn down nearly the town. Five hours subsequently, during burn fighting and rescue work, a massive explosion destroyed the railroad train and many nearby buildings. Around 300 people were said to have been killed, mainly burn down and rescue workers just likewise the local governor and mayor and the heads of the fire and rail services.^[22] This disaster has become known as one the worst railway industry disasters of the world.

Arts [edit]

During the 10th century, Nishapur was a thriving economic center home to many religious scholars and artists. Nishapur was located forth the Silk Road. An influential trade route connecting China to the Mediterranean Sea. It was a center for cotton, silk, textile and ceramic production. In efforts to uncover the history of life in this urban center, the Metropolitan Museum of Fine art put together an excavation squad composed of researchers Joseph Upton, Walter Hauser and Charles Wilkinson. From 1935 to 1940, the team worked to rediscover the ancient city. They were authorized to work nether the atmospheric condition that half of the textile found must exist shared with the Iran Bastan Museum in Tehran.^[23] Along with pottery, excavators uncovered glass, metalwork, coins and decorated wall fragments. Over the years of excavations, thousands of items were uncovered which provided information on local artistic traditions.^[24]

Tepe Madraseh

The virtually elaborate architectural excavation took place at the site called Tepe Madraseh. This massive complex had been thoughtfully planned and embellished with many decorative elements. Plaster panels had been carved and painted, along with walls, brickwork and glazed ceramic tiles. A madraseh is a place for religious learning. Such sites have peaked the interest of scholars for centuries for their function and architectural designs. Like most Islamic architecture the entire complex of Tepe Madaseh was oriented to face Mecca. The bricks used to construct most of the structures had been stale in the kilns located on the outskirts of the complex.^[25]

Pottery [edit]

Nishapur during the Islamic Golden Historic period, especially the 9th and 10th centuries, was one of the smashing centers of pottery and related arts.^[26] Virtually of the Ceramic artifacts discovered in Nishapur are preserved in the Metropolitan Museum of Art and Museums in Tehran and Mashhad. Ceramics produced at Nishapur showed links with Sassanid art and Central Asian.^[27] Present in that location are 4 Pottery workshops in Nishapur.^[28]

Form and office of Nishapur pottery

"Although the ornament of pottery may only tell us a fiddling about the people who used information technology, the form of a vessel is direct related to its office".^[24] The Pottery of Nishapur incorporated potent colored slips and assuming patterns. Mutual decoration included geometric and vegetal patterns, calligraphy, figures and animals.^[23] The ceramic pieces uncovered at Nishapur consisted mainly of vessels and commonsensical wares. Objects such every bit plates, bowls, bottles, jars, pitchers, money banks and even a toy hen were found. One decorative technique specifically utilized by Nishapur potters was the refined use of chattering, a rippled texture achieved when trimming a vessel on the wheel.^[24] The polychrome ware of Nishapur indicates the significant advances in glaze technology that were being discovered during the 10th century. It likewise indicates how an objects aesthetic became an important part of the piece as a whole.^[29]

A selection of these discoveries is shown in the gallery below:

Carpet-weaving [edit]

Weaving carpets and rugs mutual in the more than 470 villages in Nishapur County, the most important carpet Workshop located in the villages of: Shafi' Abad, Garineh Darrud Baghshan Kharv Bozghan Sayyed Abad Sar Chah Suleymani Sultan Abad and Eshgh Abad. Nishapur Carpet workshops weaved the biggest Carpets in the earth, like carpets of: Sheikh Zayed Mosque,^[xxx] Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque,^[31] Armenian Presidential Palace, Embassy of Finland in Tehran, Mohammed Al-Ameen Mosque in Sultanate of oman.^[32]

Modernistic fine art of carpet in Nishapur began in 1946 afterwards inauguration of a rug-weaving workshop in a caravansary.

Turquoise masonry [edit]

For at least 2,000 years, Iran, known before as Persia, has remained an important source of turquoise, which was named past Iranians initially "pirouzeh" meaning "victory" and after after Arab invasion "firouzeh".^{[ citation needed ]} As an important source of turquoise, Nishapur has been sometimes referred to equally the "urban center of turquoise" throughout history.^{[ citation needed ]} In Iranian architecture, the bluish turquoise was used to embrace the domes of the Iranian palaces because its intense bluish colour was also a symbol of heaven on earth.^{[ citation needed ]}

This eolith, which is blue naturally, and turns green when heated due to aridity, is restricted to a mine-riddled region in Nishapur, the 2,012-metre (6,601 ft) mountain peak of Ali-mersai, which is tens of kilometers from Mashhad, the capital of Khorasan province, Iran. Nishapur's turquoise has been sold every bit souvenirs and jewelry in Nishapur and Mashhad. A weathered and broken trachyte is host to the turquoise, which is found both in situ between layers of limonite and sandstone, and amongst the scree at the mountain's base. These workings, together with those of the Sinai Peninsula, are the oldest known.

Architecture and monuments [edit]

A selection of historical buildings and monuments of the city is shown in the metropolis info box on the elevation of this article, and on the gallery below:

• 

  Qadamgah Shia pilgramage of Nishapur, Probably in 1960s or 50s

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

People [edit]

Language [edit]

Well-nigh people speak Farsi and are monolingual, all the same, there are several private foreign language-teaching institutions in the urban center that teach English and other languages.

Faith [edit]

Qadamgah, a city and a Shia pilgrimage. It is historically part of the Greater Region of the metropolis of Nishapur. It is now legally a separated county (shahrestan) though it'south people accept shut ties and relatives with the main bigger metropolis of Nishapur which is geographically close to it. Qadamgah used to be a role of the adminstrative county of Nishapur.

Before the Islamization of Islamic republic of iran, Zoroastrianism had been the major faith of Neyshabur. Adur Burzen-Mihr a Zoroastrian fire temple of the highest grade was situated in Rivand Mountains (Binalud mountains) of Nishapur. After the rise of Islam however, the people living in and near the city of Neyshabur became Muslims. Nishapur and its people have also had an influence on Sufism (an Islamic mystic practice). Poets and Sufis such equally Attar of Nishapur who had been built-in in this city had had a profound influence on Islamic mysticism.

Notable people [edit]

Sorted by date

• Mazdak – (died c. 524 or 528) was a Zoroastrian prophet, Iranian reformer and religious activist
• Kanarang – was a unique title in the Sassanid ground forces, given to the commander of the Sassanid Empire's northeastern most frontier province, Abarshahr (encompassing the cities of Tus, Nishapur and Abiward).
• Behafarid – was an 8th-century Persian Zoroastrian heresiarch
• Sunpadh – (died 755) cleric
• Ishaq Ibn Rahwayh – muhaddith, faqih
• Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri – 9th-century philosopher, mathematician, natural scientist, historian of organized religion, astronomer and writer
• Ibn Khuzaymah – Muslim scholar
• Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj – Muslim scholar and one of the almost prominent muhaddith in history
• Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri – (died 992) was a Muslim theologian and philosopher
• Abū al-Wafā' Būzjānī – (ten June 940 – 15 July 998) was a mathematician and astronomer
• Hakim al-Nishaburi – (933–1012), was a Sunni scholar and historian
• Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi – Isma'ili theologian and historian
• Tha'ālibī -(961–1038), Muslim philologist, writer and poet
• Ahmad ibn 'Imad al-Din – was a Persian physician and alchemist. He was probably from Nishapur in the 11th century.
• Ibn Abi Sadiq – was an 11th-century Persian physician
• Abū-Sa'īd Abul-Khayr – (Dec 7, 967 – Jan 12, 1049) was a famous Persian Sufi and poet
• Al-Juwayni (1028–1085 CE) was a Sunni Shafi'i Faqih and Mutakallim.
• Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Tha'labi – was an 11th-century Islamic scholar.
• Abd al-Karīm ibn Hawāzin Qushayri – was born in 986 CE (376 AH), Philosopher and Sufi
• Omar Khayyám – (18 May 1048 – 4 December 1131) was a Farsi polymath, philosopher, mathematician, astronomer and poet.
• Abd al-Ghafir al-Farsi – (1059-1135), Farsi scholar of Standard arabic, history and hadith
• Mu'izzi – was an 11th and 12th-centuries poet
• Haji Bektash Veli – was a Muslim mystic
• Attar of Nishapur – (c. 1145 – c. 1221), was a Muslim poet, theoretician of Sufism, and hagiographer.
• Abu al-Qasim al-Habib Neishapuri – dr. mid-15th century.
• Saadat Ali Khan I – (b. c. 1680 – d. nineteen March 1739) was the Subahdar Nawab of Oudh. All the rulers of Oudh Land in India belonged to a Shia Muslim dynasty of Persian origin from Nishapur. They were renowned for their secularism and broad outlook. After they rebelled against the British their state was annexed to form the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh.^[33]
• Hamid Hussain Musavi – i (born 1830 – died 1880) was a leading Shia scholar
• Heydar Yaghma –
• Badi' –
• Abolghasem Sakhdari – wrestler
• Saeed Khani – footballer
• Yaghoub Ali Shourvarzi – wrestler
• Nur-Ali Shushtari –
• Esmail Shooshtari –
• Parviz Meshkatian –
• Mohammad-Reza Shafiei Kadkani – i (born 1939) is a Farsi writer, poet, literary critic, editor, and translator.
• Hossein Vahid Khorasani‍—‌(born January 1, 1921) is an Iranian Twelver Shia Marja
• Abdolreza Kahani‍—‌ Director
• Hamed Behdad‍—‌(1973–) Histrion

Instruction [edit]

Schools, universities and colleges [edit]

Loftier schools [edit]

In that location are several high schools in the city and the county. The nigh famous and the oldest of which is Omar Khayyam High School.

Higher education [edit]

The University of Neyshabur, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), the Islamic Azad University of Neyshabur (IAUN), the Payame Noor University of Neyshabur and the Technical and Vocational University of Neyshabur, are the master universities of the city along with several other public and private technical, vocational, and function-time colleges and schools.

Sport centers [edit]

Enghelab Sports Circuitous is an indoor loonshit in Nishapur. The arena houses Nishapur'south basketball game, volleyball, and futsal teams. Nishapur has ane professional football squad, Jahan Electric Nishapur, that competes in the Razavi Khorasan's Provincial Leagues.

Transportation [edit]

Road 44 [edit]

Route 44, an major national superhighway that connects the 2 major cities of Tehran and Mashhad, is connected to the city of Nishapur and it passes through it.

Rail ship [edit]

Nishapur is connected to the Trans-Iranian Railway System which is a UNESCO world heritage. The Nishapur train station became operational during the reign of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and it is located on the southern part of the metropolis.

Nishapur train disaster [edit]

On xviii Feb 2004, runaway railroad train wagons crashed into the village of Khayyam near Nishapur. This accident caused several major explosions and it kill over 300. The entire hamlet of Khayyam was destroyed due to the explosions.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Public transport [edit]

The intercity coach terminal of the metropolis is located at the eastern part of the city close to the road 44. Several public bus lines and stations are also agile inside the city.

Airport [edit]

Currently at that place is only 1 airport nigh the due north of the urban center that is but authorized to be used for gliders and small shipping yet, there are plans for edifice a proper airport near the south of the urban center of Nishapur.^[34]

Economy [edit]

The economy of Nishapur is various and it is based on several industries like Agriculture, Industrial parks, mining, tourism, health-intendance, retailing, cyberbanking etc.

Nutrient & Agriculture [edit]

Many agricultural products such as saffron, cotton, herbs, plums, walnut, wheat, corn, apples, cherries and pistachio are exported from the county of Nishapur.

Water supply [edit]

Almost of the water supply of the city is provided from the Binalud Mountain Range'due south mostly seasonal rivers, qanats, dams and modern wells. The city is also a dairy and carbohydrate exporter.

Mining [edit]

This section needs expansion. You lot tin can assistance by adding to it. (Feb 2022)

Natural recourses such equally turquoise and salt are mined from effectually the city.

Free energy [edit]

The electrical power supply of the city is provided from Neyshabur Combined Bicycle Power Establish and Binalood Wind Subcontract. The excessive electrical energy of the city is by and large exported from the city'due south public ability grid.

Industry [edit]

Khorasan Steel Complex and 2 main industrial parks called the Khayyam Industrial Park and the Attar Industrial Park are almost the urban center of Nishapur. Many industrial products such equally carbohydrate, cooking oils and gas heaters are exported from the city and its county.

Tourism [edit]

A rock climber in Nishapur

Several hotels, resorts, parks, tourist hot-spots, restaurants, museums, cultural centers, mausoleums, Shia pilgrimage sites and historic mosques are in and near the city. The tourism manufacture of the metropolis has a lot of protentional but information technology needs further development.

Health care [edit]

At that place are two active hospitals ( Hakim Hospital and 22 Bahman Hosptial) in the city of Nishapur and a tertiary one is as well currently under construction.

Geography [edit]

Nishapur is located at an tiptop of 1213 meters on a broad fertile evidently at the southwestern foot of the Binalud Mounatin range in northcentral Razavi Khorasan Province. The city is connected by both railways and highways to Mashhad, Tehran and the South Khorasan Province. Amid its agricultural products are cereals and cotton. Pottery making and carpet weaving are amidst its important handicrafts.

Weather [edit]

A view of Buzhan, a village and a tourist hot-spot near the east-north of the city of Nishapur, April 2019.

Nishapur by and large has a warm and semi-dry climate called ''fundamental Iranian plateau climate''. Precipitation by and large happens in spring and winter.

Geology [edit]

The city of Nishapur lies on a Holocene alluvial plain on top of the Pleistocene sediments in the southwestern function of the Binalud Mountains. The Binalud Range, running northwest–southeast, is fabricated predominantly of Triassic and Jurassic rocks. On the southern side of the northwestern office of the range there is a section of Eocene rocks that are volcanic in origin. The well-known Nishabur turquoise comes from the weathered and broken trachytes and andesites of the Eocene volcanic rocks of this function of the mountain range. The master turquoise mines are situated about 50 kilometers northwest of the metropolis of Nishapur in the foothills of the Binalud Range.^[35]

Seismicity [edit]

Nishapur is located in a region with a rather high adventure of earthquakes. Many earthquakes have seriously harmed the city; among the important ones are the historical earthquakes that ruined the city in the 12th and 13th centuries.

Mass media [edit]

Newspaper publishing [edit]

General publications in Nishapur includes the weekly and local newspapers. The first local newspaper of Khorasan province is Morning of Nishapur, published since 1989. Others include Shadiakh, published since 2000, Khayyam Nameh, since 2004, Nasim, since 2006, and Far reh Simorgh, since 2010.^[36]

Public Dissemination [edit]

IRIB center of Mashhad covers the news of Nishapur.

Press [edit]

2 volume publishers working in the city are Klidar & Abar Shahr.^{[37] [38]}

Civilization [edit]

Canticle [edit]

The special Canticle of Nishapur was unveiled for the first time on Apr fourteen, 2011;^[39] it has introduction and iii parts, noted on three invasive and destructive in the history of Nishapur, delineated by frightening sounds of bells, along with sounds of percussion and wailing women represent the miseries caused by these attacks.^{[40] [41]}

Persian original	Romanization	English translation
ای پایتخت اول ایرانی من ای آسمانت فرصتِ بارانی من «فیروزه» ات نقش نگین مهربانی اندیشه های مردمانت آسمانی روییده در هر گوشه ات گل‌های احساس خرداد «بینالود» تو سرشار «ریواس» شرمنده از کردار خود «تاتار» و «چنگیز» پاینده باشی ای «ابرشهر» هنرخیز در کوچه باغت مانده رد پایی از ماه گل کرده در چشمان تو نام «قدمگاه»	Ey pâyetaxt-e aval-e irâni-ye human Ey asemânat forsat-e bârâni-ye man Firuzeh at naqš-e negin-e mehrabâni Andiše-hâ-ye mardomânat asemâni Ruyiyedeh dar har guše at gol-hâ-ye ehsâs Xordâd-e binâlud-e to saršâr-e rivâs Šarmande az kerdâr-e xod tâtâr o Čangiz Pâyandeh bâshi ey baršahr-due east honar xiz Dar kuče bâqat mânde rad-e pâyi az mâh Gol kardeh dar češmân-e to nâmeh Qadamgâh	O my Iranian offset capital O your heaven my rainy time your Turquoise, pattern of kindness band Your People'southward thoughts Heavenly Sprouting in your every corner flowers of love Khordad of your Binalud full of rhubarb, Tartar and Genghis ashamed of their actions May yous stand up proud, you Art fertile land The moon left footsteps in your gardens Qadamgah's name has bloomed in your eyes

Literature [edit]

Throughout history, Nishapur has been mentioned and praised in the Persian literature for several times (Mostly due to its prosperity and gardens). This city has been the birthplace and dwelling of many famous Farsi poets such as Omar Khayyam, Attar of Nishapur, Heydar Yaghma, Shafiei Kadkani and more. Foreign writers such equally Andre Gide ( in The Fruits of the Globe) and Jorge Luis Borges have as well mentioned this city in their work(s).

Music [edit]

• Yo-Yo Ma released an instrumental rails entitled "Blue as the Turquoise Night of Neyshabur" as part of the Silk Road Project.
• US band Santana released an instrumental runway entitled "Incident at Neshabur" on their 1970 LP release, Abraxas. Carlos Santana says this was a reference to a place in Haiti.^{[ citation needed ]}

Sports [edit]

• The 15th Globe Scout Jamboree was scheduled to be held 15–23 July 1979 and was to exist hosted past Pahlavi Islamic republic of iran at Nishapur, but was cancelled due to the Iranian Revolution in 1979.

Video games [edit]

• Nishapur is included equally a playable setting in a historical video game series called ''Crusader kings''.
• Nishapur is included as a playable setting in a historical video game called ''Historinica''.

Films and cinema [edit]

This section is empty. Yous can help by adding to it. (February 2022)

Local and cultural days [edit]

Name	Twenty-four hour period	Agenda
Farvardin 1	Nowruz	Solar Hijri
Farvardin thirteen	Sizdah Exist-dar, Day of Nature	Solar Hijri
Farvardin 25	Respect mean solar day for Attar of Nishapur	Solar Hijri
Ordibehesht 28	Respect day for Omar Khayyam	Solar Hijri
Tir 10	Remembrance solar day for Imam Ali al-Ridha	Solar Hijri
Mordad 2	Sympathy day for the victims of Boozhan flood	Solar Hijri
Azar 30	Dark of Yalda	Solar Hijri
Bahman 29	Sympathy 24-hour interval the victims of Nishapur train disaster	Solar Hijri
Last Wednesday of Esfand	Chaharshanbe Suri Festival	Solar Hijri
Esfand 29	Celebrate the end of winter	Solar Hijri
Muharram 10	Remembrance of Muharram	Lunar Hijri
Safar 20	Arba'een	Lunar Hijri
Rabi' al-awwal 17	Mawlid	Lunar Hijri
Rajab 25	Respect day for Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj, decease of Musa al-Kadhim	Lunar Hijri
Sha'aban xiv	Borat Nights (3 nights)	Lunar Hijri
Shawwal 1	Eid al-Fitr	Lunar Hijri
Dhu al-Hijjah 18	Eid of Ghadir, Twenty-four hour period of Visiting Sadaat	Lunar Hijri

Food and beverage [edit]

The most important food and drink in Nishapur are rhubarb and sharbat. Rhubarb (Persian rivaas or rivand '), a sour vegetable, grows at the foot of the eponymous Rivand Mountains (more than recently, Turkified as Mount Binalud). Soft drinks made from the stems of the plant, such every bit sharbate rivaas ( شربت ریواس ) and khoshaabe rivaas ( خوشاب ریواس ), are sold at some Nishapur resorts. ''Aush Komay'' is also a local Aush made from a vegetable called ''کمای''. Haleem of Neyshabur is too popular in the region forth with other common Iranian foods and drinks.

Paintings [edit]

William Simpson's painting of the Khayyam Tomb & Imamzadeh Mahrugh in the 19th century (Nishapur).

Jay Hambidge's Painting of Khayyam Tomb & Imamzadeh Mahrugh (Nishapur).

Twin towns – sister cities [edit]

Nishapur is twinned with:^[42]

This section needs to be updated. Delight help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available data. (April 2022)

• Baghdad, Iraq
• Balkh, Afghanistan
• Basra, Republic of iraq
• Bukhara, Uzbekistan
• Ghazni, Afghanistan
• Herat, Afghanistan
• Kairouan, Tunisia
• Karbala, Iraq
• Khiva, Uzbekistan
• Khoy, Iran
• Khujand, Tajikistan
• Konya, Turkey
• Kulob, Tajikistan
• Merv, Turkmenistan
• Samarkand, Uzbekistan

See too [edit]

• Greater Khorasan
• Adur Burzen-Mihr
• Merv
• Herat
• Balkh
• Samarkand
• Bukhara
• Neyshabur canton
• Omar Khayyam Neyshaburi
• Attar of Nishapur
• The Great Seljuik Empire
• University of Neyshabur
• IAUN
• Saeedi Garden

References [edit]

1. ^ The Cambridge History of Islamic republic of iran – Book 1 – Folio 68
2. ^ "Statistical Centre of Iran Home".
3. ^ "Municipality of Neyshabur". Municipality of Neyshabur. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: url-condition (link)
4. ^ Honigmann, E.; Bosworth, C.Eastward.. "Nīs̲h̲āpūr." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, Eastward. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Brill Online, 2013. Reference. 31 December 2013
5. ^ Nishapur can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, past opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3076915" in the "Unique Feature Id" class, and clicking on "Search Database".
6. ^ "Statistical Heart of Iran > Population and Housing Censuses". www.amar.org.ir . Retrieved 2022-03-12 .
7. ^ Sardar, Marika ((originally published Oct 2001, concluding revised July 2011)). "The Metropolitan Museum's Excavations at Nishapur". The Metropolitan Museum. CS1 maint: url-status (link)
8. ^ "Turquoise Quality Factors". Gemological Institute of America (GIA). {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
9. ^ H. Gaube (10 January 2014). "ABARŠAHR". Encyclopædia Iranica. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
10. ^ ^{a b} Sardar, Author: Marika. "The Metropolitan Museum'southward Excavations at Nishapur | Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Fine art". The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History . Retrieved 2018-02-10 .
11. ^ "Nishapur". The British Museum. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
12. ^ "Coppa con decorazione calligrafica". Museum of Eastern Art in Italy (in Italian). 25 Nov 2015. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
13. ^ "ICCN Full Members | ICCN UNESCO". ICCN UNESCO (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-04-24 .
14. ^ Durand-Guédy 2020, p. 49.
15. ^ Allan, James W. (1982). Nishapur: Metalwork of the Early on Islamic Flow. The Metropolitan Museum of Fine art. ISBN0870992716 . Retrieved 16 Baronial 2019.
16. ^ "postage-seal; bezel British Museum". The British Museum.
17. ^ George Northward. Curzon, Persia and the Persian Question, Vol. I, (Routledge, 2005), 262.
18. ^ "Tres Fronteras: Where Colombia, Peru and Brazil Meet in the Amazon". TripSavvy . Retrieved 2018-02-ten .
19. ^ Clark, Josh (14 January 2008). "Did Genghis Khan really kill 1,748,000 people in ane hour?". HowStuffWorks.
20. ^ Narrative of the Embassy of Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo to the Court of Timour at Samarcand Advertisement 1403-6
21. ^ ^{a b} Noelle-Karimi, Christine (2014). The Pearl in Its Midst: Herat and the Mapping of Khurasan (15th-19th Centuries). Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. ISBN978-3-7001-7202-4.
22. ^ "Iran train smash kills hundreds". 2004-02-18. Retrieved 2018-02-10 .
23. ^ ^{a b} Sardar, Marika. "The Metropolitan Museum's Excavations at Nishapur". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. p. 1. Retrieved vi November 2020.
24. ^ ^{a b c} Wilkinson, Charles (1973). Nishapur: Pottery of the Early Islamic Period. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN9780870990762 . Retrieved 22 Oct 2020.
25. ^ Wilkinson, Charles (1987). Nishapur: Some Early on Islamic Buildings and Their Decoration. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
26. ^ Nishapur: Pottery of the Early Islamic Menses, Wilkinson, Charles Thousand. (1973)
27. ^ "Nishapur pottery". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2018-02-10 .
28. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-12-02. Retrieved 2013-11-xx . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived re-create equally title (link)
29. ^ Pancaroglu, Oya (2013). Feasts of Nishapur: Cultural Resonances of Tenth-Century Ceramic Production in Khurasan. Yale Academy Press.
30. ^ "Iran weaves world'south largest carpet". news.webindia123.com . Retrieved 2018-02-10 .
31. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-xi-05. Retrieved 2013-11-20 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy every bit title (link)
32. ^ Muscat
33. ^ bam. "Nawabs of Oudh & Their Secularism". oudh.tripod.com . Retrieved 2018-02-10 .
34. ^ "مصوبه احداث فرودگاه نیشابور در حال نهایی شدن است". Tasnim News Agency (in Western farsi). {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
35. ^ Scheffel, Richard 50.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980). Natural Wonders of the World. The states: Reader'southward Digest Clan, Inc. p. 271. ISBN0-89577-087-3.
36. ^ http://551.ir/images/stories/news/newspaper/farresimorq/farresimorq-46-two.jpg ^{[ dead link ]}
37. ^ "کلبه کتاب کلیدر". world wide web.klidar.ir . Retrieved 2018-02-10 .
38. ^ http://www.abarshar.ir ^{[ dead link ]}
39. ^ "روزنامه كيهان90/two/1: سرود ويژه نيشابور ساخته شد". www.magiran.com . Retrieved 2018-02-x .
40. ^ روزنه, شرکت مهندسی. "پایتخت اول ایرانی من؛ سرود نیشابور – روزنه". world wide web.rovzane.com . Retrieved 2018-02-ten .
41. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-x-22. Retrieved 2013-eleven-20 . {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
42. ^ "Tomb of Kamal-ol-Molk". iranparadise.com. Islamic republic of iran Paradise. 2020-05-05. Retrieved 2020-11-xv .

Further reading [edit]

• Durand-Guédy, David (2020). Cities of Medieval Iran. Brill. ISBN978-90-04-43433-ii.
• Nishapur: Glass of the Early Islamic Period by Jens Kroger, Jens Kröger (1995) (gratis download & online version)
• Nishapur: Some Early Islamic Buildings and Their Decoration past Charles Kyrle Wilkinson (1987) (free download & online version)
• Nishapur: Metalwork of the Early Islamic Menses by James West. Allan (1982) (gratuitous download & online version)
• Nishapur: Pottery of the Early Islamic Period past Charles Kyrle Wilkinson (1973) (free download & online version)

External links [edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nishapur.

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Nishapur

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Nishapur .

• Nishapur Mayors (in Persian)
• Nishapur governors (in Persian)
• Ceramics of Nishapur and other centers
• Earth Gazetteer on Nishapur at archive.today (archived 2012-12-17)
• Nishapur Mathhouse
• Neyshabur bonyad (in Western farsi)
• The Metropolitan Museum Excavations at Nishapur
• Elias Pirasteh, Neyshabur, Photo Gear up, flickr
• Ardavan Ruzbeh, When National Heritage is not an equal to the Emām-Jom'eh, a reportage on the sabotage of a national monument, Madreseh-ye Golshan (مدرسه گلشن), in Nishabur, in Persian, Radio Zamāneh, May 29, 2008: Text, Audio.
• Hossein Davoudi, Dizbād: A Staircase to History, in Western farsi, Jadid Online, 2008.
  A Slide Bear witness of Dizbād, past Hossein Davoudi, Jadid Online, 2008, (5 min 39 sec).
  Note: Dizbād is a small-scale village between Mashhad and Neyshābūr, located at some 40 km distance from Mashhad.

chauncydientooltaid.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishapur

Share :